// 괄호 끼워넣기
package Silver_III_3;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.util.Stack;
public class Ex11899 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
char[] s = br.readLine().toCharArray();
Stack<Character> stack = new Stack<>();
int count = 0; // 붙여야할 괄호의 개수
for (int i = 0; i < s.length; i++) {
if (s[i] == '(') {
stack.push('(');
} else { // ')'
if (stack.isEmpty()) { // '('가 없으면
count++;
} else {
stack.pop();
}
}
}
if (!stack.isEmpty()) { // 남은 '('만큼 count 더함
count += stack.size();
}
System.out.println(count);
}
}